Task 13 - Manipulating time & space

The idea of manipulation of time and space is a technique that shows people the environment or an object change over period of time, an example of this could be a person getting older or younger.  This is used in several different films and lets the audience see a change visibly.

We filmed a sequence using the technique, we went back to the past and back to present.

Task 12: Transitions and Effect

Transitions and Effects 

Transition is the movement from on shot to the next. they're different transitions that suggest different ideas to the audience. It is really important to choose the right one.

There are many different transitions and effects that can be used to manipulate the diegetic time and space. This can be done through the use of transitions, graphic match, following the action, multiple point of view, short variation and manipulation of time and space. 

Straight cut

A straight cut is the most common form of transition and it is virtually "invisible". One shot moves instantaneously to the next without attracting the attention of the audience. Using straight cuts are helpful as suspensions of disbeliefs, in other words their willingness to accept whats happening. 

Dissolves

A dissolve is when one shot is faded off the screen whilst another shot is fading in, when using this, the audience will be able to see both shots at the same time, at the mid-point of the dissolve. This is an effective transition as it suggests that the two shots are connected in some way, it could be anything from two characters to two places or objects. It can also be used to suggest that some time has passed between shots.

Fade

A fade is similar to a dissolve but instead of dissolving one shot into another a fade is a gradual darkening or lighting of an image until the screen becomes black or white. Normally a white fade is used to symbolise the end of something and a black fade is usually used to symbolise the beginning of something, however this is not always the case. A fade indicates the start or an end to a particular section of time within the narrative. 

Wipes

A wipe is quite an unusual out of the different transitions and it is when one image is pushed off the screen by another. These image can be pushed in any direction but it more common for the image to be pushed off the left-hand side, this movement is more consistent with the sense of the time moving forward. Using a wipe can be effective as it signal tot he audience that they are being shown different locations that are experiencing the same time. it is the visual equivalent of saying "meanwhile..." these types of transitions are used a lot in the star wars films. 

Graphic Match

A graphic Match can  also be another way of manipulating diegetic time and space. This is very special type of transition and it is something an editor adds be tween two shots but more a decision about which two shots to put next to each other. This graphic match is created when two images that are similar in shape and size are placed next to each other to look like almost the same thing. Using a graphic match tells the audience that there is a very important link between whatever it is they are seeing in the two shots. An example of when this is used is in the film Psycho.

Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space





















Effect can be used to manipulate diegetic time and space very effectively, they are very important part of the film industry. They can be used to show that a time period has changed in a flashback/forward, to show a location has changed, and to show that time is moving quicker or slower than normal. However an effect doesn't have to be complicated as it can simply be the use of a colour filter or altering the saturation of an image to either enhance the colour or remove it. When a flashback effect is needed the editor tends to make the image black or white. One common technique is altering the speed of the footage. A good example of this is in the film The Time Machine in which the main character enters the time machine and the environment changes as he travels through time, a similar example is the Time Turner in Harry Potter. There are many different types of effects that can be added in the post production stage of editing to achieve the desired effect.

Task 11 - Creating Pace with Cross Cutting

We attempted to use cross cutting in our film. We used crosscut to develop a sense of tension, you see two people walking towards each other, as they get closer and closer, the shots became shorter and quicker, this builds the anxiety in what will happen.

Task 10-understanding pace

Understanding Pace

Speed of editing- Creating pace

Creating pace while editing in a film is where a films speeds up or slows down certain parts of the film. Pace changes the way the audience view film and make them understand it in different ways, an example of films that would use as a fast pace would be action films, as you'd expect there to maybe be a car chase or some sort of running scene where fast pace would be relevant. To the create a fast pace scene, shots are cut quickly and moved to other different shots to create the feeling of pace. A slower pace would be used in a drama/love story type of film. this allows the audience to see and understand the scene and characters fully without getting distracted by quick cut shots. This is done by having longer shots in a scene. 

Speed of editing
In a film each scene may last matter of seconds, or it could continue for minutes but the length of each sequence establishes the pace of the film moving the action along.

Cutaways
The cutaway technique is utilised to pack time or offer a visual reprieve to the gathering of people. The reason for it is that it removes from the primary activity for a brief timeframe. These sort of shots happen in the meantime as the primary activity, demonstrating the group of onlookers what different plots are happening at the same time. They are additionally used to separate two separate plot lines together.

Task 9-Non-continuity

Non-continuity

Non-continuity editing is continuity broken and construction is more apparent, meaning often created through juxtaposition and metaphor shot insert. Non-continuity editing is a style of film making that was made popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s, filmmaker such as Jean Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut pushed the limits of editing techniques and created a new style called " French new wave". French new wave film used a carefree editing style and did not conform to the traditional editing etiquette of Hollywood film. French new wave editing often drew attention to it self by its lack of continuity, its self-reflexive nature. 

Jump Cut

 A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera position that vary only slightly, this type of edit gives the effect of jumping forward in time, it is a control of temporal space using the duration of a single shot, and collapsing the duration  move the audience ahead. This kind of cut suddenly communicates the passing of time as opposed to the more seamless dissolve heavily used in films predating Jean-Luc Godard's "Breathless" when jump cut were first used greatly. Jump cut is considered to be a infraction of classical continuity editing, which is intended to give the appearance of continuous time and space, on the contrary jump cuts aims to draw attention. 

180 degree rule

The 180 degree rule is a basic regarding the on screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. An imaginary line called axis which connects the character and by keeping the camera on one side of this axis for every shot in the scene,the first character is always frame right of the second character, who is then always frame left of the first. The camera passing over the axis is called crossing the line and that will make the characters appear to swap position on the screen, however the 180 degree rule may be broken for effect, for example if the aim is to create a startling effect which modern filmmaker use or to convey something is going wrong.

Task 8 - Continuity excerise

Overall, although there are some points to improve on, I think our film was quite successful with the task of continuity and maintaining that we have successfully shown all editing techniques.

Task 7: Understanding Continuity Editing

Continuity Editing

Continuity editing is the main element of film and video editing. the purpose of continuity editing is to ensure temporal and spatial continutiy as a way of advancing narrative, using such techniques as the 180-degrree ruke, Match on Action, and shot, reverse, shot. it was developed by ealy European and American directors, specifically, D.Q. Griffith in his films such as The Birth of a nation.continuity editing is important as it helps to retain a sebse of realistic chronology and generates feelinh that time is moving forward. it doesnt mean you cant use flashbacksor flash forwards, as long as the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in expected or realistic way.

The rules.
Shot, reverse shot
180 Degree rule
Match on Action
Eye-line match

shot, reverse shot.

Shot, Reverse Shot is likewise a valuable style of continuity editing. This kind of shot is generally used as a part of scenes where a discussion happens. It's the point at which the camera changes in the middle of faces and we see a shot of one character looking at another character, then we are shown the other character looking back. A filmmaker might want to use this as it makes the audience feel like we are the ones conversing with the characters, making a feeling of compassion. Changing the shot makes an attention on the specific characters instead of being demonstrated the entire scene. It keeps the audience engaged in with what is happening to. If filmmakers didn’t use Shot, Reverse Shot then the audience may begin to wind up exhausted as it would be one consistent shot all through. Additionally, if it isn’t used then the audience may not hear critical information and this may lead to confusion further on in the film.

180 degree rule

This is the positioning of the camera in scenes where we see different characters, usually communicating with each other. During this communication the camera operator must make sure that the camera stays on one side of the imaginary axis ensuring that the characters on the left and right stay on the left and right sand don't switch places. Filmmakers may use the 180 Degree Rule to enable the audience to visually connect with the movement happening around the characters. If a filmmaker didn't us it then the scene would create disorientation and confusion within the audience as the perspective is altered. The only time it is suitable to break the rule is if the director purposely wants it broken to enforce confusion and disorient in the audience to foreshadow danger or change.

Match on action

Match on action is a technique of filming used in many sorts of film. This is when you start an action in one shot and complete it in the following. A filmmaker may use this as it makes a continiuos shot and you can film the same shot twice and then put them together. By doing two shots you can change the position of the camera without adjusting the continuity of the shot, a case would be the point at which someone walks though a door, the camera can be put outside the room recording the character going in, then in the following shot you can move the camera into the rom and watch the character going into the room. at the point when using Match on Action, the camera operator and the character must ensure that everything is similarly situated in both shots. in the event that a movie producer didnt jump shot, and thusly it wont be consistent. the audience are likely to get cobfused if they dont see the full extent of the action.

Eye-line match

The last technique pf conitnuity editing is eye line match. This is the point at which you see the character looking at something off screen, leaving the audience to wander what they are looking at, then in the next shot the camera cuts to the person or object the past character was looking at. Filmmakers may want to use this as it creates a sense of mystery within the audience as we are left wandering what the character was looking at. They may also want to use it to create an element of shock and tension, if the audience can't see what the character is looking at then they begin to question the circumstance and begin to detail their own understandings. If a filmmaker didn't use Eye Line Match then the scene wouldn't make as much strain as we'd have the capacity to see the entire scene generally as the characters can.